600
years before Newton and Liebniz, the Kerala mathematicians discovered the
Calculus, Calculus or Kalana is said to be Kerala's gift to Europe ! This
truth was unearthed by Dr C J Joseph and Dr CK Raju, in their books, the
Crest of the Peacock and the Cultural Foundations of Mathematics respectively
!
KSAM
was founded by Madhava and had illustrious mathematicians like Parameshwara,
Neelakanta, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharady and the poet Melpathur. When KSAM
is combined with Astrology, it becomes KSAMA, the Kerala School of Astronomy,
Maths and Astrology.
In
the realm of Astrology, Kerala's gift was the satellite Gulika. Horary
Astrology was well developed by the Kerala astrologers.
Western
astronomers do not admit this truth.
It
was an Englishman, Charles Mathew Whish, who brought to the world the genius
of Kerala mathematicians in his book "On
the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle and the infinite series of the proportion
of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra
Sahgraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati and Sadratnamala"
It is to be noted that
the origin of sine and cos is India. Jya and Koti Jya were the terms used by
the Indian mathematicians. The Arabs converted these terms as Jiba and Kojiba.
It was wrongly translated into Latin as Sinus and Cosinus and became Sin and
Cosine in English. Bhuja Jya means R Sin, Koti Jya means R Cos and Sparsha Jya
means Tan x. The Indian inverse functions are Sparsha chapa for Arctan, Bhuja
chapa for Arc Sine and Koti Chapa for Arc cos.
Aryabhata's Sine Table
was the first Sine Table in the History of Mathematics. The Sine Table of
Madhava is similar. When a 360 degree Circle is divided by 4, we get
quadrants of 90 degrees each. The Madhava Sine Table can be called the Table
of R Sine Differences, as sine values are given for every 3 degree 45 minutes.
There are 24 * 3.45 = 90 or 24 R Sines. These tables were used by Christopher
Clavius, when he solved the mathematical problem vexing the Westerners ! The
Westerners triumphed with the knowledge of Indian Maths and initiated the
Gregorian Calendrical Reforms !
Tan
Tables were also given to mathematical students. The term Jya for 5 degrees
was used first by the mathematician, Brahmagupta and we have 6 Jyas of 5
degrees each to constitute a Zodiacal Sign. The Zodiac is made up of 72
Jyas ( 72*5 = 360 ) and a Quadrant is made up of 18 Jyas ( 18*5 = 90 ). Tan
values are given for every 5 degrees but then Tan tables make the mathematical
students lazy !
Since there were no
computers in hoary times, cowrie shells were used to calculate planetary
positions. Paral Sankhya was used. Veda Veda means 44, as there are four Vedas
! Netra Netra means 22, as there are two eyes !
The genius of Puliyoor
Purushotaman Namboothiri condensed the thousands of slokas of the 18
Siddhantas into 1000 odd slokas, called the Ganitha Nirnaya. It is one of the
best books on Mathematical Astrology ever written. He was ably assisted by the
Maths Professor, Prof Krishna Warrier.
In the Kerala system, 14 major perturbations of the Moon are highlighted and
14 trignometric corrections are done for the 14 lunar anomalies.
After computing the Chandra Madhyamam, the mean longitude of the Moon, after
14 trignometric corrections, the longitude is called Samskrutha Chandra
Madhyamam, Samskruthendu.
Parameswara's
Rule by R C Dutta
Madhava of Sangramagrama by Journal of Kerala Studies
On the Quadrature of the Circle by C T Rajagopal
Medieval Kerala Mathematics - Archive of History of Science by C T Rajagopal
Laghu Bhaskareeya by Sankara Narayanan
Siddhanta Darpana by Neelakanta
Siddanta Deepika by Parameswara
Tantrasangraha by Neelakanta
Venvaroha by Madhava
Yukthi Bhasha by Jyeshta Deva
Jyothir Meemamsa by Neelakanta
Geometry of Sree Yantra by N C Bolton
Mayoora Shikha ( The Crest of the Peacock ) by Dr Joseph
The Cultural Foundtions of Mathematics by Dr C K Raju
Bharateeya Ganitha
Bharateeya Pari Sthithi
Bharateeya Rasa Tantra - all by Dr C Krishnan Namboothiri
Badha Deepika by Parameswara
Aryabhateeya Bhasya by Neelakanta Somayaji
Sphuta Nirnaya by Achyuta Pisharodi
Siddhanta Darpana by Neelakanta
Ganitha Adhyaya by Bhaskara
Ganith Nirnaya by Puliyoor
Gola Deepika by Parameswara
Drig Ganitha - By Parameswara
Grahana Nyaya Deepika by Parameswara
Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy by Prof K V Sarma
Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India by T A Saraswathy
On
the Hindu Quadrature of the circle and the infinite series of the proportion
of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra
Sahgraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati and Sadratnamala by C M Whish.
These
books are based on the gems of Indian Astronomy, Astrology and Maths.
Siddhanta
Samhitha
Hora
Angira
Siddhanta
Bhrigu
Samhita
Parasara
Hora
Paulasa
Siddhanta
Surya Samhita
Surya
Hora
Bhrigu
Siddhanta
Brahma
Samhita
Manu
Hora
Vasishta
Siddhanta
Vyasa Samhita
Kashyapa
Hora
Chyavana
Siddhanta
Atri
Samhita
Narada
Hora
Vyasa
Siddhanta
Pitamaha
Samhita
Garga
Hora
Lomasa
Siddhanta
Vasishta Samhita
Marichi
Hora
Manu
Siddhanta
Chyavana
Samhita
Angira
Hora
Atri
Siddanta
Angira
Samhita
Lomasa
Hora
Parasara
Siddhanta
Yavana
Samhita
Paulasa
Hora
Kashyapa
Siddhanta
Paulasa
Samhita
Yavana
Hora
Garga
Siddhanta
Parasara Samhita
Pitamaha
Hora
Narada
Siddhanta
Garga
Samhita
Vyasa
Hora
Surya
Siddhanta
Kashyapa Samhita
Vasishta
Hora
Marichi
Siddhanta
Lomasa
Samhita
Atri
Hora
Pitamaha
Siddhanta
Marichi
Samhita
Chyavana
Hora
Yavana
Siddhanta
Manu
Samhita
Bhrigu
Hora
Brahma Siddhanta
Narada
Samhita
Brahma
Hora
Astrologer G Kumar of Zodiac Computers brought out a
Kerala Astrology Software in 1999, using KSAM algorithms. It is considered to
be one of the most accurate softwares in the world. His website is www.eastrovedica.com
and email info@eastrovedica.com
Mobile is 93885 56053. Landline 91 0487 255 2851
